Life-like robots represent a cutting-edge area of research in the robotics field over the past decade. The main goal is to merge deep physical principles with biological systems—such as cells, tissues, and isolated living units—with traditional electromechanical structures. This integration aims to create a new class of robotic systems that combine the strengths of both living organisms and mechanical devices. For instance, these robots can benefit from the high energy efficiency and intrinsic safety of biological systems, as well as the strength and precision of electromechanical components. They are expected to overcome existing challenges in robotics, such as low energy conversion rates, limited compliance, and poor adaptability.
In recent years, most research has focused on bio-driven systems using cells and tissues, often relying on simple control methods like light or electrical stimulation. However, due to the lack of comprehensive theoretical models for cell-based bio-drivers, life-like robots still face major technical hurdles, especially in motion control and dynamic matching.
Recently, the Micro-Nano Group at the Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, introduced a cellular mechanical dynamics model based on the subcellular structure of myocytes. By simulating the internal structure of heart muscle cells using electromechanical components like springs, variable dampers, and motors, they were able to develop detailed mechanical and dynamic models of individual cardiomyocytes. In experiments, they used scanning ion conductivity microscopy to capture the pulsation patterns of cells, then calibrated their model parameters based on the measured data. This allowed them to extract key physical properties of the subcellular structure, including viscosity, elasticity, mass, and action potential.
The non-invasive nature of scanning ion-conductivity microscopy, combined with this modeling approach, enables the real-time, lossless acquisition of multi-dimensional physical characteristics of single-cell structures. This breakthrough lays a solid foundation for future research on dynamic control and matching in life-like robots driven by muscle cells.
These findings were published in the Biophysical Journal and were highlighted as significant progress. The study was supported by several prestigious funding bodies, including the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Robotics.
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