Recent reports on unmanned vehicles have caught the eye, especially Google's experimental cars, which have traveled thousands of miles automatically, while minimizing the help of human drivers.
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These events are absolutely impressive and will revolutionize vehicle operations and our driving experience for a long time. However, the infinite expectation of unmanned vehicles is also easy for us to ignore the large amount of short-term development of automakers, and these developments are equally important for changing driving behavior. These developments, collectively known as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), are designed to make cars safer, and the gradual introduction of these systems has improved road safety. In addition, the ADAS features and functions represent the ultimate in vehicle sensing, intelligence and control required for driverless vehicles.
ADAS technology exists at different levels of active assistance, and the functions they implement overlap when they are introduced. Driver information systems, such as simple rearview cameras, panoramic image displays, and blind spots and lane departure warnings, all provide relevant information, but are always controlled by the driver. Some autonomous systems, such as lane keeping assist and adaptive cruise control, enable the vehicle to self-control in a short period of time under carefully defined conditions, but the driver can step in and take over automatic control. A highly autonomous system, including automatic parking butler or driver monitoring and takeover, will fully control the vehicle under certain circumstances. These higher-level auxiliary levels use a more basic level of technology to open the way for unmanned, fully autonomous vehicles. At this level, the vehicle can operate autonomously regardless of whether there is someone in the driver's seat.
Although current experiments have shown that the necessary technology for driverless cars already exists, it will take at least another decade to achieve mass production of fully autonomously controlled vehicles. However, advanced electronic systems take up most of the space for automated test vehicles and are much more expensive than the price of the vehicle itself. To achieve driverlessness in mass-produced vehicles, the technology must be more commercial, smaller, lighter, and more affordable, a process that takes a while to complete. In addition, it takes time to overcome legal and social barriers. Obviously, the development, introduction and conversion of a large number of vehicles on the road to unmanned driving will be a revolutionary process that will be achieved through the development of many generations of vehicles.
In essence, ADAS complements the automatic control of different aspects, starting with an independent subsystem and then increasing system integration until the vehicle is able to drive autonomously. The development of these different ancillary functions is the work of automotive manufacturers, and they expect semiconductor suppliers such as Texas Instruments to provide innovative technologies and solutions. Because ADAS technology is changing rapidly, automakers need solutions that provide additional performance, system growth, and the flexibility to integrate new features with minimal design changes. ADAS and other automotive systems also present unusual challenges for manufacturing components, including operating under extreme temperature conditions, meeting higher quality, reliability and safety standards, and meeting stringent target costs. With its extensive experience in automotive electronics, TI can help ADAS developers deliver optimized, complete solutions that simplify design and significantly reduce component count.
ADAS adoption status and challenges
As mentioned earlier, some ADAS features are already available in the car, while others are still being developed for the upcoming models. Information and alarm systems have been around for a number of years and have evolved into the basic auxiliary functions that are currently common. For example, many recent models have reverse assist. Ultrasound and cameras extend the driver's range of perception and automatically brake when an object suddenly appears behind the car. The camera and ultrasound can observe the rear of the vehicle when the vehicle is going backwards. Similarly, many drivers now rely on autonomous acceleration and steering wheel control to keep the car in the middle of the lane, even when the speed of the car is changing, it can cruise according to traffic conditions. Some cars combine ADAS information features such as panoramic or surround images with infotainment systems to provide owners with a new level of "information entertainment." Cognitive abilities have been introduced in early systems, such as reading street signs or detecting objects around cars, and buyers will have more choices in the coming years.
According to the development model that people are already familiar with, these features that appear in the high-end models will be transferred to the mid-end models and will eventually be popularized in all new cars. In terms of safety, insurance companies, regulatory agencies, and legislatures are often involved, accelerating the phased introduction and implementation process through satisfactory insurance and legal authorization. In some cases, legislation is necessary to address legal accountability issues and to change existing needs. For example, current cameras and internal displays can replace external rearview mirrors, which not only improve safety by eliminating dangerous blind spots, but also make the car shape more linear, thus reducing vehicle fuel consumption and reducing carbon emissions. However, existing safety standards often require the need for rearview mirrors, so regulations must be changed to allow for these improved alternatives. The first change in the legal framework is to allow the use of cameras instead of side mirrors - a device called camera surveillance system that has been introduced in a few countries. Taking the European NCAP system as an example, the NCAP system has given a star rating for blind spot monitoring; while the US NHTSA requires all new factory vehicles to be equipped with a rearview camera by 2018.
As communication begins between cars and cars, and between cars and devices along the road, security becomes another focus. While establishing these communications is important for automated vehicles, there is still a need to protect them from malicious attacks. These problems are not technically impossible, but they cannot be recognized by law and society overnight, and the functional safety standards that automakers must follow must also be established. Manufacturers will need to rely on semiconductor and equipment suppliers to easily and quickly produce end products and bring them to market.
Developing ADAS features
The following chart identifies some of the important ADAS innovations that are currently or under development; however, these areas continue to evolve as new ideas emerge. Each of the autonomous control levels listed provides technical support for subsequent autonomous functions. That is to say, information systems may passively provide warnings to drivers, but they are also an indispensable component of all forms of autonomous functions. Similarly, basic active operations will be integrated with advanced control and fully automated operations. (These levels generally correspond to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Automated Driving Class 5 classification, and the basic level of automatic driving of these vehicles is differentiated by the number of functions of the classified vehicles.)
Technical requirements for the development of ADAS
The development of ADAS technology involves innovation in several areas. Two important related trends include shrinking the size of individual components such as sensors, cameras and electronic components, and integrating specialized functions into more comprehensive systems. These trends complement each other because smaller, cheaper components are needed to build larger systems that users can afford. For example, a front camera for lane keeping assistance can also be used to detect objects in front of the vehicle, read traffic signals or brakes to avoid collisions. However, performing more complex ADAS functions requires more than the input of sensors and sensors such as ultrasound, LIDAR, and radar, as well as the fusion of data from different sensor components. Data fusion can overcome the deficiencies of a single sensor solution and provide a degree of redundancy.
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