The floodlight processing technique has been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in detail, and some notable issues have been raised.
First: Xie Hao (962-) male, associate professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of construction technology.
1 Proverbs With the development of economy and culture, urban nightlife is becoming more and more abundant and active. Night lighting has evolved from a simple solution to the functional requirements such as illumination to a further pursuit of glamorous color decoration. Night lighting is a very important part of urban planning and construction, and architectural night lighting is an indispensable element in urban night lighting. Under the night, it is the colorful architectural image that constitutes the basic face of the city at night. Floodlighting, also known as facade lighting, is an increasingly widely used exterior lighting method for buildings. It is equipped with a spotlight at a certain distance from the building as a light source for the facade illumination, which directs the light to the outer wall of the building. The floodlights (floodlights) have good light color and strong stereoscopic effect, which can produce good artistic effects. Specifically, the colored floodlighting of the building facade has the following effects in the city night shadow: it has a shaping effect on the building, which gives the building a three-dimensional sense; it shows the appearance of the building, fully showing the formation and color of the building. Aesthetics; create a beautiful outdoor light environment and color environment; create an elegant urban night scene, not as strong as neon lights, blazing, reflecting the city's night culture.
2 The color floodlighting of the color building facade in floodlighting is a way of lighting that illuminates the exterior of the building at night. The beams that are cast onto the facade of the building are red, yellow, orange, green, blue, and so on. It is a combination of technology and art that allows the form and color of a building to reappear at night. Therefore, the architectural façade color floodlighting is also an integral part of architectural color processing.
2.1 Color characteristics Generally speaking, the light color used in architectural night lighting can be divided into white and color light (color light), and white light includes cold light white light of about 6000K (such as daylight fluorescent lamp, high pressure mercury lamp, etc.) Light), warm white light of about 4000K (such as light emitted by metal halide lamps) and warm yellow of 2000~3000K (such as light from incandescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, etc.) Colored light of various hue obtained by light source or color filter. At present, the light sources for floodlighting are: incandescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, high pressure mercury lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, low pressure sodium lamps. The color of each light source is different, and the color filter is generally applied when color light is required. Since the color filter absorbs or reflects an undesired color and transmits the desired color light, the amount of transmitted light is greatly reduced. The transmittance is: amber color filter 0.4 ~ 0.6; red color filter 0.15 ~ 0.2; green color filter 0.05 ~ 0.1; blue color filter 0.03 ~ 0.05. Considering the absorption of the color filter, to make The colored light achieves the same illumination or the same decorative effect as the colorless light, and the transparent incandescent lamp can be multiplied by a large coefficient (Table 1 indicates the large coefficient of the transparent incandescent lamp), and then the light sources of different colors are combined to achieve the desired light color. In different parts of the facade of the building to create a layer of floodlight.
Table 1 The increase coefficient of the transparent incandescent lamp The effect of the transparent incandescent lamp The color filter red orange green blue achieves the same illumination as the incandescent lamp. The same decorative effect as the incandescent lamp is obtained. Actually, various light sources radiate their characteristic spectral light. Color, such as tungsten halogen lamp, showing warm red color with less red and green blue, white fluorescent light radiates blue light slightly cooler than incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp can show cold white light, transparent mercury lamp (mercury lamp) shows The color of a white fluorescent lamp is the same as that of a metal halide lamp. High-pressure sodium lamps, unlike other high-intensity discharge lamps, emit light that is warmer than incandescent lamps, but with less blue components. Building facade lighting can be used to achieve outstanding focus when applying these shades. Moreover, by combining light sources of different light colors, it is also possible to achieve a desired color. It can be said that the color of the light is very rich, and the possibility of random change is great, it can be strong, simple, and it can be very soft and delicate. The night scene image of the whole building has a distinct contrast of color, and has a full contrast between cold and warm. The color is very rich, and the wonderful effect produced by the organic combination of various colors has reached an unprecedented level.
2.2 Color use effect Color Through the visual organ for people to perceive, it can produce a variety of effects, and the rational use of these effects and effects can contribute to the scientific design of decorative lighting. The use of color is mainly reflected in the physical effects of color, the psychological effects of color, the physiological effects, the role of color marking, and the heat absorption and reflectivity of color. In particular, different colors have different physiological stimuli on people, which affect people's psychological feelings about color. Because color is widely contacted with people in social life, it often forms relatively stable social attributes.
Red, often makes people think of the sun, fire, blood, giving people encouragement and excitement; white, often makes people think of snow, cold, giving people a feeling of purity, coldness, emptiness and even horror; yellow, with noble meaning, bright Soft, active, elegant; purple, precious and solemn; green, reminiscent of green mountains and green waters, symbolizing youth, peace, and life. The rich colors give people a full and long-lasting beauty. Even if the color is vivid, if it is very monotonous, it will be boring and cause boredom. Harmony and unity is the highest requirement for color beauty. All kinds of colors should be harmonious and unified. Pay attention to setting a tone, and all colors must obey this tone. In addition, it is necessary to correctly handle the matching of similar colors and complementary colors, and the similar colors are arranged in an orderly manner, which can achieve a harmonious effect.
3 Building Facade Color Floodlight Processing Techniques 3.1 When projecting the building facade, consider the requirements for pedestrians to watch nearby. In the vicinity, you should be able to see the color and texture of the material on the facade of the building. In the distance, you should be able to see the color of the building and the color of the facade.
3.2 When projecting the building facade, it is necessary to grasp the characteristics of the building facade and illuminate from several different angles in order to produce a significant three-dimensional effect, especially the layering effect of light color.
3.3 When projecting light, it is necessary to highlight the façade of the building so that it forms a contrast between light and darkness with the surrounding environment, and fully exerts the foiling effect of the surrounding environment. 3.4 Understand the reflectance of the building facade material, and determine the required illumination on this basis.
It can be seen that it is very important to choose the light color reasonably. There are many colors to choose from in architectural night lighting. In principle, all light colors in the visible spectrum are within the range. For the buildings of different natures and functions, what kind of light color illumination is appropriate? To make the design of the facade lighting, we must first grasp the characteristics of the building and the architectural style, artistic concept, etc., and then find out the difference. The most striking feature of the angle projection. The façade with the highest viewing rate should be selected as the illuminated surface. Floodlighting fixtures use a light projector, the layout and number of which depends on the size, shape, height, landscape requirements and surrounding environment of the building. The light projectors are generally arranged in groups, with the principle of hiding themselves and facilitating light projection. The projection direction of the light projector will produce different illumination effects on the facade of the building, which is determined according to the volume, elevation state, projection angle and viewing direction of the building. The arrangement distance of the projection light and its projected beam will also produce different flood illumination effects for different building facade states. It can be seen that the use of colored light illumination can create a colorful program atmosphere.
For example, creating a clear color contrast between the front of the building and the side walls enhances the sense of depth of the building structure. Artists often simulate shadows in blue. Similar technical treatments have proven successful in floodlighting. That is, the tungsten or sodium lamp is used to simulate the sunlight, and the mercury lamp is also used to simulate the shadow portion. It is also white light illumination, which can make the image of the building more vivid through the combination of different color temperature lights. Of course, it should not be too trivial and messy. It should be properly colored according to the characteristics of architectural modeling and composition, and grasp the great effect. The night view of the building can be static or dynamic, and the color under the light can always be the same, or it can change with different time and occasions.
The lighting effect of the color light is not only related to the color of the light, but also the illumination is important. The visual impact of the lighting environment is mainly reflected in both illumination and color. The illumination requirements of the lighting environment are different. The visual perception of people is different, and the color table seen is different. The color and wavelength of the light of the decorative illumination are different, and the visual effect of the person is different, and the color is different. A white, or nearly white, wall with a moderately illuminating neutral white light will result in a clean, bright, eye-catching visual effect. Under normal circumstances, bright, saturated, illuminating light will bring health, bright, sturdy and magnificent effects, while light colors with impure light or insufficient illumination will cause different degrees of negative effects, such as weak yellow light. A dim, warm, scent, dim red light will create a repressed, horrible atmosphere, and the dark blue-green light will cause a gloomy, secretive effect and so on. In addition, the floodlighting effect of the building facade is directly affected by the state of the material. Table 2 shows the relationship between building facade materials and floodlighting effects.
Table 2 Relationship between building façade material and floodlighting effect Material state of building façade Effect of floodlighting Rough surface forms diffused light Smooth surface Most of the light is reflected to the space color and the color of the light source is close to the façade to increase the chroma color and The color of the light source has a uniform façade and the chroma is increased. As can be seen from Table 2, the same surface material is projected with the same color of light, which makes the color bright, and the reflectivity of the building surface material and color to the light is greatly different. Therefore, in order to achieve the same bright result of illumination, the illuminance should be changed accordingly. For details, please refer to Table 3. Table 3 Material reflectance and illuminance value Surface material reflectance Brightness illuminance (Lx) White light yellow paint Light color marble Clear water concrete cement mortar light gray granite soil yellow unglazed surface brick camel color, bean sand color glazed tile color concrete mechanism red brick, red wave tile various dark paint 4 examples famous art master Professor Wu Guanzhong said well: from the specific object to talk about color Equal to zero". Color floodlighting is the most important means of nighttime environmental landscape formation. Its most striking feature is to change the inherent color and texture of the building through the illumination, so that the illuminated architectural form becomes a crystal." Translucent body "Because the details and color are relatively purified and simplistic under floodlighting, the sculptural and seamless effect of the building is highlighted. The color element is extraordinarily eye-catching and attractive in the background of the night. Shanghai The floodlighting of the Bund is a successful example that everyone is very familiar with. In most cases, it is dominated by white light. A variety of colored lights to show the style and characteristics of the building itself, to break the monotony caused by a single light color and make the building appear calm and intimate. For example, the Jinyu Building near the West Third Ring Space Bridge in Beijing uses two different The color temperature is illuminated by white light. One is the neutral white light with high color temperature, which is projected as a large-area floodlight on the curved surface of the main part of the building; the other is warm white light with a lower color temperature, which illuminates the top of the building and The part that protrudes at the bottom. In this way, the buildings with the same color in the daytime show different surface colors due to different lighting at night, which enriches the nighttime image. The facade lighting can be used to cast light on the whole building. Only focus on a certain key area outside the building, such as only advertising, signboards or decorative pictures on the outer wall. Some high-rise buildings only have floodlighting on the top of the building, and the color of the roof is distinctive. It can be reinforced with a light source of appropriate relevant color. For example, with a green copper oxide coating on the top of the building, you can use a mercury lamp. Other parts can be used for slightly warmer lighting. For example, many high-rise buildings such as Hong Kong's Central Plaza use this method, which saves a lot of light from the entire building, but it can produce extremely impressive results. For example, Japan The NEC building in Tokyo shows changes in time and season through changes in the spotlight and color of floodlighting: the floodlighting spot on the front wall slowly moves from bottom to top over time, depending on where the spot is located, Speculating the approximate time; at the same time, a set of lights with a changeable color is installed on the roof to indicate the season, blue light represents spring and summer, and coral light represents autumn and winter. These changing facade colors enrich the building. The image brings new functions and tastes, reflecting the designer's wisdom and ingenuity.
Monuments and gates, towers, pavilions and the like are monumental buildings and can be represented by monuments. Monuments are generally located at important locations in streets, blocks, squares, etc., forming a visual center that forms the focal point of illumination, often using colored floodlighting. Sculpture refers to statues, sculptures, and molded objects in the outer space. They are closely related to buildings, sometimes exist alone, sometimes attached to buildings, often located in squares, parks, etc., and become visual centers, often with colored floodlighting.
The color flooding techniques of these illuminated objects are essentially the same as for building facades. The color flooding of the monument can determine the color of the light source, the position, number, distance, projection beam, and projection direction of the light source according to the location of the monument, the conditions of the site, and the surrounding environment. It not only constitutes a brightness contrast with its surrounding buildings, but also divides the monument into several parts to project a beam of light, which also constitutes a contrast, which changes the brightness from top to bottom, creating a layered appearance and showing detailed shapes and colors. The technique used for sculpture is roughly the same as that of the monument, but it must show its detail, light and shadow and three-dimensionality. When using a colored light to illuminate the tower, the warmth of the light near the base of the tower and the cool light on the upper part will add the tower's height illusion, but this illusion will only be felt near the tower. The colored light is projected from below, and the light colors are different and layered to form a wonder of the floodlights of the memorial tower. In addition, plants such as leaves, shrubs, and flowers have become an indispensable part of urban decoration with their comfortable colors, harmonious arrangement and beautiful form. In the nighttime environment, floodlighting can lengthen the time it takes to work.
Like the facade lighting of a building, plants do not reappear in the light of the day, but in a new posture. Rivers that pass through the city are distinguished from ordinary commercial areas and entertainment venues, so use colored light as appropriate to prevent red and green.
5 Points and Limitations When Using Light Color in Night Scene Lighting The above examples show that the use of colored light can achieve a very ideal artistic effect. Good night lighting is not only to control the amount of light and the intensity of light. The key is to arrange each light to shine in the place where it shines. Otherwise, it will only be half the effort.
5.1 The success of the functional lighting scheme of the building is determined not only by the quality of the lighting technology and the materials used, but also to a certain extent depending on the pre-existing research on the environment and the objects, especially for the following items. The depth and pros and cons of the research: architectural and artistic features, the level of the object being illuminated and the environmental characteristics. To understand the "Tibetan mastiff", the flaws can be left to the darkness. Choose white light or color light, choose high color temperature in white light or low color temperature. This answer is often not unique in architectural night lighting design. In addition to the conditions of the building itself, it is usually necessary to consider the surrounding environment and even the big effect of the city night scene. . In view of the strong emotional color of colored light, the night illumination of the landscape, especially the illumination of the night scenes of some important large public places, must be especially cautious. Different colors of light can be used for buildings of different natures. The use of colored light in night illumination not only directly affects the effect of lighting, but also is restricted by the style, historical background and surface materials of the illuminated place. White light has a strong performance ability, can effectively reveal the image characteristics of the building, and express the style of the building itself. For monumental buildings, government agencies, and large-scale buildings with unique styles, white light should be the mainstay. If necessary, only low-color shades of light should be used to reflect the solemn and serious atmosphere. Commercial or cultural entertainment buildings such as TV stations, TV towers, shopping malls, playgrounds, and theaters often use colored light or localized color lighting to create a vibrant, lively, lively, and exciting color atmosphere that fully attracts people's attention. 5.2 Reasonable use of colored light can not only create a lively and lively atmosphere, but also create a calm and serene atmosphere. This is related to the choice of light color and also to the way of lighting. If it is used properly, it can receive lighting effects that are difficult to achieve with colorless lighting. If you don't have the right color, the beauty will be greatly reduced. There are many examples of improper use of lighting color, especially for some buildings with important political or commemorative significance. Because of the improper use of color light, it gives the audience a bad impression and destroys the style of the scene. The color of light has an emotional color, and the uncoordinated light color matching makes people feel uncomfortable or disproportionate, and even distort the image of the building. The embellishment of the “luxury†type of “luxury†often lacks cultural taste and unique taste.
Since the use of shades involves a lot of problems, it is difficult to say in a nutshell.
As a building that constitutes the external environment, it is not advisable to use a variety of floodlight colors to obtain novelty and excitement, whether it is a single or a group. It should be uniformly planned and rationally arranged according to the different characteristics of the environment landscape, the inherent color relationship and the physical characteristics. Usually, the surface of the building is used in no more than 4 to 5 colors, because too much surface color is easy to cause confusion. However, some buildings use very rich and vivid surface colors. For such buildings, light sources with good color rendering should be used for illumination. The easiest way to get color projection lighting is to choose the light source that best suits this effect. There is no strong color difference in this practice, reducing the risk of unsatisfactory components. For some incandescent spotlights, the color can be dyed on the panel glass or a multi-layer film reflector can be used to obtain colored light. The correct choice of light color, usually in warmer colors such as orange, yellow is more common, and the effect is good. In addition, there are also some more beautiful colors such as light green, light blue, pink and so on. If you choose cool colors such as white and blue, you should pay attention to the illuminance, especially the blue light should be used with caution. If you use it badly, it will cause dim and depression, death and even horror.
5.3 Pay attention to the optical properties of the material. The illumination of colored light will change the original color of the building, resulting in a strong visual effect, so it should be used with caution. In general, it is suitable for small-scale accent lighting and should not be used for large-area floodlighting. Color projection of different material façades is based on the color of the famous materials and the meaning of the building symbol. Because color illumination has some color associated with it, it also reduces some of the hue. Parallel projection of different colors of light onto adjacent surfaces creates an active atmosphere, but may also run the risk of creating excessively strong chromatic aberrations. The original material and color of the building (ie, the intrinsic color) and the color of the light source will have a superimposed effect, so it is necessary to avoid the projection of the approximate complementary light relationship. For example, if the red brick wall is cast with green light, it will become dark, blue and green. The yellow-orange floodlight should not be used. Because of the superimposed result, the color becomes gray and turbid, and the white color can make the original color. In particular, the cool color becomes very bright and refreshing. For some statues, the color of the material is an important element. In general, illumination with incandescent lamps has good color rendering. The color of the material can be added by using a suitable bulb-mercury lamp, metal halide lamp, or sodium lamp. Therefore, when using color projection, the color should be selected properly, and some light color tests can be made.
Generally speaking, the image of a building in night lighting is very different from that of daytime. This is due to the difference between artificial lighting conditions and natural lighting conditions, regardless of the reflective characteristics of the building surface, if there is a lack of sky. The reversal of the direction of the shot and incident light, floodlighting can not replicate the scene of the building during the day. Although in the low-lying places, the view of the building with the sun is similar to the effect of floodlighting, the best arrangement and installation is to take advantage of the difference between day and night of the building, rather than want to narrow the difference between them. . Try to make effective use of shadows and colors that can be utilized.
In addition, the projection direction of the light source in night illumination is generally fixed, usually flat or from bottom to top, and the intensity and color of the light are different from natural light. In this way of lighting, buildings tend to be heavily shadowed. The image is vivid and has an exaggerated artistic effect.
The projection angle of the floodlight has a certain influence on the brightness of the surface formed by the rough texture: the smaller the incident angle, the less the reflected light, and the fine irregularities of the rough surface form more shadows, and the color is correspondingly dim. In addition, the brightness of the light will decrease with the increase of distance, and the light fading phenomenon is especially obvious when the small incident angle is close to the wall. Although this is not necessarily a bad thing, it is recognized in advance that the luminaire The layout design is good.
5.4 Preventing the influence of unfavorable factors The color temperature of the light source is affected by the brightness of the light. When lighting a large area with colored light, avoid the sweltering atmosphere caused by high brightness and low color temperature. At the same time, avoid low brightness and high color temperature. The gloomy atmosphere. After the primary color of the light color is determined, the partial illumination can be embellished with colored light. Seasonal factors should also be considered when selecting a light source. A "hot" light source such as a high-pressure sodium lamp (a high-pressure sodium lamp that emits light with a low color temperature and a golden yellow warmth) can be used on deciduous trees in winter. In the summer, a cold light source with a high color temperature should be used for the leaves. Therefore, if there are conditions, two sets of lighting devices for different seasons can be placed at the point of illumination of natural objects such as trees. Filters made of soft plastic can be used in a variety of colors. They are sensitive to heat and are therefore suitable for short-term display illumination, not for permanent projection applications.
Glass filters have good heat resistance, but the variety of colors is limited. In order to facilitate the installation and replacement of the color filter, a special mechanism must be installed on the floodlighting fixture. If the color light output of the color bulb is lower, the power of the light source must be increased. It is also necessary to prevent light pollution from landscape lighting: landscape lighting often uses high-power high-intensity gas discharge lamps of kW or bright, dazzling neon lights. Light pollution caused by excessively bright landscape lighting, like noise, can affect people's rest and health, and it will have an adverse impact on the environment, especially on astronomical observations and aircraft night flights.
6 Conclusion Architectural night lighting is actually a reshaping of the architectural image from light and shadow. It is both creative and challenging. The night scene lighting content is very extensive, and the development momentum is unabated, especially the light color application technology in urban architecture night lighting is more and more advanced and perfect. China's urban night lighting is trying to learn from the international advanced level, and we must continue to sum up experience, overcome the deficiencies, and raise the level of night lighting in China to a new height. It is believed that through the development of multi-functional night lighting, buildings will be flooded and illuminated, creating a dreamy city view.
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