With the support of various policies, China's new energy vehicles are ushered in an era of rapid development. However, as the power source of new energy vehicles, the technical route selection of batteries has become one of the uncertain factors in the development of this industry. Recently, Zhang Guobao, former director of the National Energy Administration and director of the National Energy Commission's expert committee, said that there have been some doubts about lithium batteries. Whether the judgment and choice of technical routes are correct is related to the survival of a company or even an industry.
Taking color TV and Guangzhou Auto to introduce the French Peugeot as an example, he pointed out that since the reform and opening up, the introduction of foreign advanced technology and equipment has made the level of domestic industrial technology production a grade, but there are also some countries that have eliminated backward technical equipment. And the product was transferred to China, and it was not long before it was eliminated. "I have always had some doubts about the pure electric vehicles powered by lithium batteries. The weight of lithium batteries is heavy. The battery of a car is six or seven hundred kilograms. The battery of a bus is ton. The problem of recycling used batteries is not completely solved. Lithium is still a rare metal. Once the car is fully equipped with lithium batteries, lithium will become a scarce resource. Lithium batteries have a short battery life and so on. These are the Achilles heel of lithium batteries. What is the power of electric vehicles in the future? The battery? It really deserves serious attention. The development of fuel cell vehicles in Japan is worth considering." Zhang Guobao said.
New energy vehicle battery industry frequently received policy support
In order to promote the development of low-emission, low-pollution new energy automobile industry, the country has made frequent favorable policies this year, hoping to start from the source of new energy vehicles, the battery, to promote the development of the industry. For example, modify the subsidy policy for electric buses and stop subsidizing the ternary battery buses.
At the same time, the State Council also stated that it should accelerate the revolutionary breakthrough in power batteries. Promote large-scale SMEs, universities, research institutes, etc. to form a collaborative power battery innovation platform for collaborative research and open sharing. Focus on the development of common materials and basic technologies such as key materials and battery systems. The central government adopts the award-based compensation method to reward enterprises according to indicators such as power battery performance and sales volume. Increase support for power battery digital manufacturing equipment.
Driven by a series of policy warm winds, new energy vehicles are booming, and the price of raw materials for lithium batteries has also soared. According to the Securities Daily, since the beginning of this year, the price of lithium carbonate has risen rapidly, and the price has been raised almost once a week. Each time the price increase is around 1,000 yuan, the cumulative increase has reached 23%. Although the outbreak of the new energy vehicle market has made the entire lithium battery industry chain in the midst of excitement, the continuous increase in raw materials and the ever-decreasing gross profit margin have caused lithium-ion battery companies to “can’t stand itâ€.
On the one hand, the raw material end is overheated, and on the other hand, the battery technology of domestic electric vehicles has not yet made a big breakthrough. Problems such as the energy density of the battery, the charging time, the life of the battery, and the safety of the battery need to be improved. After the country called the ternary battery, the domestic battery is mainly based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. The debate about lithium batteries has never stopped.
Battery technology battle
Internationally, research and development around batteries has not stopped. From the current point of view, many battery companies' research focuses on positive and negative materials, electrolytes, and separators. There are several main technical routes for battery selection:
The first is the choice of cathode material. Alternatives to such batteries include ternary compounds, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium cobalt oxide used by Tesla. At present, the high-energy density battery of international industrialization is also dominated by the ternary system, and companies such as South Korea's Samsung are still focusing on this area. However, due to thermal control safety issues, the country was stopped.
Tesla has been eager to hold lithium cobalt oxide batteries, but the batteries need to be stacked together with many lithium cobalt oxide batteries. Accurate management of these small batteries is the focus of technological breakthroughs. Tesla chose to divide them into hundreds of small units to control them separately, but the disadvantage of doing so was that the cost of the car was too high and the consumers were discouraged.
Second, hydrogen fuel cells, which is one of the technical paths that Zhang Guobao said is worthy of attention. The basic working principle of a hydrogen fuel cell is to send hydrogen to the anode plate (negative electrode) of the fuel cell. After the catalyst (platinum), one electron in the hydrogen atom is separated, and the hydrogen ions (protons) that lose electrons pass through the proton exchange. The membrane reaches the cathode plate (positive electrode) of the fuel cell and recombines with oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions into water.
However, due to the source and safety of hydrogen and the scarcity of the catalyst metal platinum, the use of the battery has not been promoted globally. Japanese Toyota automakers are supporters of the technology, and the company launched a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle last year.
Third, graphene batteries. After the appearance of graphene, some people think that it will end the problem of new energy car battery life, because the energy density of lithium battery with graphene as raw material is as high as 600 wh / kg, which is five times that of traditional power lithium battery. However, from the current situation, the cost of graphene is still too expensive to be commercially available on a large scale.
Zhang Guobao said that he has been paying attention to the development direction of electric vehicles in China. Undoubtedly, lithium batteries are now the mainstream of electric vehicles. But in the future, is the direction of electric vehicles a hybrid? Lithium battery pure electric? Still a hydrogen fuel cell? It is indeed a question worthy of attention.
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