An important instrument to reveal the life of Aomi - Chromatography

It might seem unusual to mention that chromatographs are not suitable for people without a chemistry background, but the term "chromatography" has been around for nearly a century. The modern use of chromatographic instruments in scientific and technological contexts has spanned almost half a century. Over time, the development of chromatographic techniques and related technologies has played a crucial role in economic growth, public health, and the advancement of life sciences. In 1903, while studying plant leaf composition at the University of Warsaw, Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet used calcium carbonate as an adsorbent to separate pigments from dried leaves. He filled a narrow glass tube with calcium carbonate powder and poured a petroleum ether extract of the leaves onto it. The pigments were adsorbed on top of the calcium carbonate, and then washed with pure petroleum ether. This process resulted in six distinct bands of green, yellow, and other colors, separating chlorophyll, lutein, and carotene. Tsvet named this technique "chromatography," which later became known as liquid-solid chromatography. The glass column was referred to as the "stationary phase," and the petroleum ether as the "mobile phase." This marked the beginning of using chromatography to explore biological phenomena. For over two decades after Tsvet introduced the concept, his work went largely unnoticed. It wasn't until 1931 that German scientist Richard Kuhn repeated some of Tsvet's experiments, successfully separating α-, β-, and γ-carotene using alumina and calcium carbonate. This method led to the isolation of over 60 different pigments. In 1938, Kuhn separated vitamin B2 and was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his groundbreaking research. This was one of the first significant applications of chromatography in understanding biological systems. In the 1940s and early 1950s, British biochemist Archer Martin and others developed gas-liquid chromatography to study fatty acids and fatty amines, earning them the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Later, in 1958, American scientists Stein and Moore created an amino acid analyzer to determine the structure of ribonuclease. Their work laid the foundation for studying proteins and enzymes, and they were honored with the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. By the late 20th century, the Human Genome Project reached a major milestone in 2000, marking the beginning of the functional genomics era. Scientists focused on understanding how genetic information translates into biological functions. In 2001, an international team announced the human genome map, partly due to the use of high-throughput capillary electrophoresis systems—another type of chromatographic instrument. While genomic sequencing provides the blueprint, it doesn’t reveal gene expression timing, levels, post-translational modifications, or subcellular localization. These mysteries are now being explored through proteomics. With thousands of proteins in a cell, techniques like two-dimensional electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are becoming essential tools for protein analysis. Chromatography has evolved significantly over the years, with various forms such as gas chromatography, HPLC, ion chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Among these, gas and liquid chromatography remain the most widely used and successful for analyzing complex mixtures. Capillary electrophoresis, developed in the 1980s, shows great potential in life science research. As technology continues to advance, chromatography will play an even greater role in uncovering the secrets of life, supporting breakthroughs in medicine, biology, and beyond.

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