An important instrument to reveal the life of Aomi - Chromatography

It might seem unusual to suggest that chromatographs are not suitable for people without a chemistry background, but the term "chromatography" has been in use for nearly 100 years. In modern scientific and technological contexts, the application of chromatographic instruments has also spanned almost half a century. The development of chromatographic techniques and the science behind chromatographs have played a crucial role in the growth of the national economy, the health and longevity of the population, and especially in uncovering the mysteries of life. In 1903, when the Russian botanist Mikhail Tsweet was studying the composition of plant leaves at the University of Warsaw, he used calcium carbonate as an adsorbent to separate pigments from the petroleum ether extract of dried leaves. He packed the calcium carbonate into a narrow glass tube, poured the extract onto it, and then washed the tube with pure petroleum ether. This process resulted in six colored bands on the calcium carbonate, separating chlorophyll, lutein, and carotene. At that time, Tsweet called this method "chromatography," and later it became known as liquid-solid chromatography. The glass tube was referred to as a "column," the calcium carbonate as the "stationary phase," and the petroleum ether as the "mobile phase." This marked the beginning of using chromatographic methods to explore life phenomena. For over 20 years after Tsweet introduced the concept, his work went largely unnoticed. It wasn't until 1931 that German scientist Richard Kuhn repeated some of Tsweet's experiments, successfully separating α-, β-, and γ-carotene using alumina and calcium carbonate. Since then, more than 60 such methods were developed, and by 1938, Kuhn separated vitamin B2, earning him the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This was one of the first attempts to understand life through chromatography. In the 1940s and early 1950s, British biochemist Martin and others created gas-liquid chromatography, which became essential for analyzing fatty acids and fatty amines. Their work earned them the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1958, American scientists Stein and Moore developed an amino acid analyzer to determine the structure of ribonuclease, leading to the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. From these historical milestones, it is clear that chromatographic methods have been instrumental in revealing the secrets of life. By the end of the 20th century, the Human Genome Project and the rise of proteomics in the 21st century have further highlighted the importance of chromatography. Chromatographic techniques have contributed significantly to understanding the complexity of biological systems. In June 2000, the Human Genome Project was declared complete, marking the start of the functional genomics era. Scientists now focus on understanding how genetic information translates into biological function. In 2001, a joint announcement by researchers from multiple countries revealed the human genome map, made possible in part by high-throughput capillary electrophoresis—a technique closely related to chromatography. While genomic data provides sequence information, it doesn’t reveal gene expression levels, post-translational modifications, or subcellular localization. These questions are addressed through proteomics, where chromatography plays a key role. Two-dimensional HPLC is expected to become a critical tool in proteomic research, helping to analyze the thousands of proteins present in cells. As a result, chromatography will continue to be vital in unraveling the complexities of life.

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